LDU stands for LDraw Unit - the basic unit of measurement in LDraw, the open standard for LEGO CAD programs, and map to the "Fine" grid setting in applications such as MLCad.
Common measurements include:
1 brick width/depth = 20 LDU
1 brick height = 24 LDU
1 plate height = 8 LDU
1 stud diameter = 12 LDU
1 stud height = 4 LDU
A 1x1 Brick as 3 Plates in LDUs (via LDraw)
The typical LU (LEGO Unit) measurements are coarser at:
Brick height = 6
Plate height = 2
Stud pitch = 5
Based on the physical dimensions of a LEGO brickphysical dimensions of a LEGO brick, this means that 1LDU == 0.4mm
, based on a stud height (1LU) of 1.6mm.