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I'm pretty sure the LEGO figure on the right is the daughter from a 1977 set Nurse and Child. But what about this style of jumbo minifig on the left with arms and legs that bend? When was that from? It might be from a LEGO Basic set? What different styles of minifigs has LEGO produced over the years?
The figure on the left is generally referred to as a Fabuland figure, although I believe that the entire Fabuland line actually featured animals. There were a few basic sets released in the 80s that included human Fabuland-style figures. That one is probably from this fire engine:
Before the introduction of the Minifig in 1978, there was the Maxifig that you noted in your question:
The precursor to the modern minifig was added in 1975:
LEGO released a history of the minifig that you might find interesting.
In addition to the traditional minifig, you may also come across Technic figures which were around for a time.
There were also the Creator figures that were only around briefly in the early 2000s:
